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Original
Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
A Randomized Controlled Trial
- Timothy S. Church, MD, MPH, PhD;
- Steven N. Blair, PED;
- Shannon Cocreham, BS;
- Neil Johannsen, PhD;
- William Johnson, PhD;
- Kimberly Kramer, MPH;
- Catherine R. Mikus, MS;
- Valerie Myers, PhD;
- Melissa Nauta, BS;
- Ruben Q. Rodarte, MS, MBA;
- Lauren Sparks, PhD;
- Angela Thompson, MSPH;
- Conrad P. Earnest, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations
Abstract
Context Exercise  guidelines for individuals with diabetes include both aerobic and  resistance training although few studies have                      directly examined this exercise combination.                   
Objective To examine the  benefits of aerobic training alone, resistance training alone, and a  combination of both on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in  individuals with type 2 diabetes.                   
Design, Setting, and Participants  A randomized controlled trial in which 262 sedentary men and women in  Louisiana with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c levels of 6.5% or  higher were enrolled in the 9-month exercise program between April 2007  and August 2009.                   
Intervention Forty-one  participants were assigned to the nonexercise control group, 73 to  resistance training 3 days a week, 72 to aerobic                      exercise in which they expended 12 kcal/kg per  week; and 76 to combined aerobic and resistance training in which they  expended                      10 kcal/kg per week and engaged in resistance  training twice a week.                   
Main Outcome Change in  HbA1c level. Secondary outcomes included measures of  anthropometry and fitness.                   
Results The study  included 63.0% women and 47.3% nonwhite participants who were a mean  (SD) age of 55.8 years (8.7 years) with a                      baseline HbA1c level of 7.7% (1.0%).  Compared with the control group, the absolute mean change in HbA1c  in the combination training exercise group was −0.34% (95% confidence  interval [CI], −0.64% to −0.03%; P = .03). The mean changes in  HbA1c were not statistically significant in either the  resistance training (−0.16%; 95% CI, −0.46% to 0.15%; P = .32)  or the aerobic (−0.24%; 95% CI, −0.55% to 0.07%; P = .14)  groups compared with the control group. Only the combination exercise  group improved maximum oxygen consumption (mean,                      1.0 mL/kg per min; 95% CI, 0.5-1.5, P < .05)  compared with the control group. All exercise groups reduced waist  circumference from −1.9 to −2.8 cm compared with                      the control group. The resistance training group  lost a mean of −1.4 kg fat mass (95% CI, −2.0 to −0.7 kg; P < .05)  and combination training group lost a mean of −1.7 (−2.3 to −1.1 kg; P < .05)  compared with the control group.                   
Conclusions Among  patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a combination of aerobic and  resistance training compared with the nonexercise                      control group improved HbA1c levels.  This was not achieved by aerobic or resistance training alone.                   
Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00458133

 
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